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Also, Stephen Cloobeck, a billionaire and 2026 California gubernatorial candidate, purchased approximately $10,000 in contracts tied to his campaign. He was fined $31,770 and suspended for three years.
Each settlement involved cooperation with Kalshi’s investigation.
What distinguishes Santos’ penalty is the exchange’s allegation that he actively issued false or misleading statements to alter prices and profited materially, violating additional rules such as failure to cooperate and manipulative conduct.
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The report also cites brands targeting a specifically banned vertical or product within a jurisdiction as driving black market activity. While markets across Europe have many examples, one such flagged in the report is that iGaming remains illegal for licensed operators in France.
“The largest black market operators have scaled to create recognisable brands with traffic that can compare to domestically licensed operators,” the report’s authors wrote. “The top group of sites by common owner has a 12% share of traffic, while the largest single brand has 10%.”
Beyond offering crypto payment solutions, a number of black market operators are licensed in “light touch” offshore jurisidictions which use opaque offshore operating structures to help to obscure company ownership and make local enforcement against these companies complex, the report noted.
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During his media availability Friday, Kubiak repeatedly stressed that the NFL season consists of “17 desperate games in a row.”
“We have this one game in front of our face, and we’re focused on that,” Kubiak said.
When asked about the Chargers—one of several teams, alongside the Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos, seeking to bounce back from a Week 1 upset to avoid an 0-2 start—Kubiak brushed off the narrative during his brief news conference.